Varroa Mite Treatments : The effectiveness of varroa mite treatments varies based on the beekeeper's specific situation. Treatments like Apiguard, HopGuard, Formic Pro, and Oxalic Acid are commonly used, with each having its own advantages depending on the season and hive conditions.
Varroa Mite Spread : Varroa mites are now a global problem, having spread to major continents, including Australia, where they were detected in June 2022.
Beekeeping Strategy : Effective varroa mite management requires understanding the relationship between mite reproduction and bee biology. This knowledge helps beekeepers choose appropriate treatments and minimize harm to bees while maintaining hive health.
Table of Contents
Survey of Varroa Mite Treatments What Varroa Mites Do How Bees Deal With Varroa Mites How Beekeepers Manage Varroa Mites Organic Varroa Mite Treatments Apiguard HopGuard Formic pro Mite Away Quick Strips Api Life Var Oxalic Acid Oxalic Acid Towels, Pads and Strips Varroxsan Synthetic Varroa Mite Treatments Apivar Amiflex Check Mite+ Apistan Natural Varroa Mite Treatments Drone Brood Removal Splitting Colonies
If you are looking for the best varroa mite treatment , we are happy to say the best mite treatment is the one that works for you and your situation. Monitoring and detecting varroa mite infestation accurately is crucial to determine the most effective treatment.
Not all treatments work for every beekeeper or their bees, so it’s important to know the treatments that are available to you to help with your varroa control.
Honey bee colonies have been taking care of themselves longer than beekeepers, and they are pretty good at it. Bees survive all around the world in different ways based on the particular environment they have to live in. All honey bees are not the same, just like all golden retrievers are not the same.
Some golden retrievers will do anything and everything their owner wants, always eager to please. It’s similar to bees, where one colony will have a desirable trait, and another seems to miss the boat.
This is evident with varroa mites, as one colony in a part of the world will brush them off like it’s no big deal, and another crumble at the first site of them. It is not easy to control varroa mites, but serious progress is being made.
Unfortunately, Varroa mite populations are all over the world now. The global spread of varroa mites has led to widespread varroa mite infestation. Australia was the last major continent standing, and they found them in June of 2022.
What Varroa Mites Do
Varroa Destructor, commonly called Varroa mites, are terrible pests. When we teach about varroa mites and speak to customers in our store, we explain that this is the only beekeeping pest that does better when the bees do better.
This is because adult female varroa mites need the colony of bees to grow for the mites to grow. Mites reproduce in the same cell that a bee grows in.
So for every cell that produces a bee, that same cell can produce 3-5 varroa mites in the same amount of time.
And the queen can lay 1000-2000 eggs each day, so you can see how the varroa mite population can grow significantly.
As the adult female varroa mites grow in the brood nest with the growing bees, they will feed on the bees. Creating wounds and damaging the bee so they don’t function as well as an adult bees.
Over a matter of months, the entire honey bee colony will suffer until it can no longer handle the pressure.
How Bees Deal With Varroa Mites
Fortunately, beekeepers have a variety of ways to help the honey bees deal with the varroa mites. Over the years, we have learned many ways to reduce mite populations in the hive, but it is not easy.
Varroa mites and honey bees share a similar makeup, and what is designed to kill a varroa mite can also kill a honey bee in a different dose or application.
When trying to control varroa mites, a beekeeper has to be aware of the queen, brood (growing bees), adult bees, honey, and wax, not to mention the overall environment and the beekeeper as well.
There are a variety of tools and techniques beekeepers can use to manage mites ; some use chemicals, some use natural characteristics of the bees, and some fall somewhere in the middle.
One such natural characteristic is varroa sensitive hygiene (VSH), where bees can detect and remove mite-infested pupae from their brood cells, disrupting the reproductive cycle of the mites.
It would be best if we left honey bees to defend against varroa mites on their own so they can learn to deal with them without a beekeepers help. As outlined in Tom Seeley’s Book, Honey Bee Democracy , it is possible for this to happen, and it takes a lot of time.
But our economy and food system depends on honey bees for pollination, and the food system wouldn’t survive the transition the bees would need. The loss of colonies would just be too great.
How Beekeepers Manage Varroa Mites
A good beekeeper understands the relationship between varroa mite reproduction and honey bee reproduction, which is crucial to control varroa mite populations. Understanding this makes controlling varroa mites much easier and allows the beekeeper to use fewer or zero chemicals on their bees.
The great thing about beekeeping is there are many ways to keep bees, and you can find a technique or tool that suits each beekeeper.
You won’t find one particular varroa mite control that works for every beekeeper and situation, so it’s important to understand all the tools available and choose the one that fits your goals and the situation.
Some treatments work incredibly well in the spring but are a complete waste of time in the fall. It’s possible to check for the number of mites in a colony by conducting a mite count.
A mite count is fairly easy and is the best way to determine whether a beekeeper needs to do anything to help their bees.
When starting, I felt that all of the mite treatments were bad, and it was too confusing to make sense of every single one of them. However, as I began to learn about the biology of bees and mites, I learned that most of the treatments for varroa mites are organic or naturally derived.
Organic Varroa Mite Treatments
The vast majority of treatments for bees are organic based and are sometimes called soft treatments. When treating varroa, the word organic is confusing and means different things to different people.
The average person would think that if a treatment is organic, it is something the USDA certifies as natural, whole, soft, harmless, chemical-free, etc…
When we talk about organic treatments, we mean that the product used is organically derived but at unnatural levels.
Essential oil is a great example of this. A lot of people use essential oils, and most of them are made from plants. Tea Tree Oil is a popular one made 100% from Tea Tree leaves.
But it is at such concentrated, unnatural levels that it can hurt you if you don’t use it correctly.
Many varroa mite treatments are similar to this, where they are natural but unnatural levels that can harm the mites and, when used correctly, will not harm the colony.
Treating varroa with these natural but concentrated treatments helps minimize resistance and residue risks.
Varroxsan
In the evolving battle against varroa mites, a significant development has emerged: Varroxsan , a cardboard oxalic acid strip. Created by Vita-Bee, known for Apiguard , this innovative product offers a new approach to mite control.
Varroxsan uses a mixture of high-quality glycerin and oxalic acid, absorbed by cardboard strips, placed inside the hive for a slow-release effect.
Research indicates that this method effectively reduces mite populations over a treatment period of 42-56 days. This timeframe aligns well with beekeeping schedules, even during honey production. Notably, Varroxsan has shown several advantages:
Resistance to oxalic acid hasn't been observed in bees.
It can be used regardless of temperature conditions.
Safe during honey flow, with honey supers on the hive.
Varroxsan has been tested by multiple universities and beekeepers in the US and is approved for use in the US by the EPA. There is no doubt that Varroxsan will become a practical, sustainable solution for controlling varroa mites.
Especially because it builds on the already common practice of using Oxalic Acid in its many forms, such as vaporization and through slow-release towels
Apiguard
Apiguard is an essential oil-based gel that will reduce both the levels of Varroa mites and Tracheal mites in a colony; mites do not have any known resistance. It uses the ingredient Thymol, which is a derivative of the Thyme plant and is commonly used in cleaning products .
It works by placing the gel in a small area near the brood nest where bees will naturally work to clean it out of the hive. During the process, the bees will spread it around the colony, where it comes in contact with varroa mites.
Apiguard is temperature sensitive, so it's important to use the amount that is appropriate for the outside temperatures when adding it to the colony.
Apiguard is one of the most popular treatments for varroa mites and is commonly used in the summer after removing honey boxes. It is applied to the hive twice for a full treatment.
HopGuard
Hopguard is another organic treatment option for mites that uses leaves from the Hop plant (the same plant that produces beer). These hops beta acids are suspended in a thick liquid that coats a cardboard strip.
These strips are placed in the hive near the brood nest, where the worker bees spread them around the colony.
The liquid on the strips will eventually come into contact with adult varroa mites over 3-4 weeks, killing the mites and preventing them from reproducing. Hopguard isn't as popular as other treatment methods but is fine for beekeepers.
It is commonly used as a spring or fall treatment for bees when bee population and brood population is not at it's peak.
Formic pro
Formic Pro is an excellent option for varroa mite treatment and offers some unique characteristics for beekeepers. Most of the organic and synthetic treatment periods last 30-60 days, which means it has a long treatment period that it covers two rounds of varroa mite reproduction.
This is helpful as the wax capping that protects the growing bee also protects the reproducing mite.
Formic Pro , a formic acid treatment, can pass through the protective wax capping, killing the mite as it reproduces but not harming the growing bee.
Because of this, the treatment period for Formic Pro can be as short as 14 days. Formic acid is naturally found in bee and ant venom, among other places.
There are more temperature restrictions on formic acid products than other varroa treatments, and because of this, it is typically used as a spring and fall treatment.
It can be used when honey is still in the hive, a unique characteristic that gives formic acid treatments an advantage.
Mite Away Quick Strips
Mite Away Quick Strips is the precursor for Formic Pro and uses the same ingredient, but the shelf life on MAQS (pronounced Macks) is not as long as Formic Pro, and it is more volatile. The formula for Formic Pro is much more controlled, so it is safer for the bees but still toxic to varroa mites.
Formic Pro and Mite Away Quick Strips work as a fumigant instead of by contact. Most other treatments work by the bees physically spreading their treatment around, while these two produce vapor from the pads placed across the top bars.
Api Life Var
Api Life Var is a treatment that uses a combination of essential oils to control mites. Api Life Var is another vapor-based treatment that is produced from the small tabs placed in the brood nest.
It can't be used when honey boxes are present and do not have very high efficacy against varroa mites compared to other treatments. So, this isn't a commonly used method for controlling mites.
Oxalic Acid
Oxalic acid has picked up a lot of steam and is popular with backyard beekeepers and with commercial beekeepers. Much of this is due to the work of Randy Oliver in his research on using oxalic acid as a low-cost way to treat varroa mites.
Compare to other mite treatments, oxalic acid can be used for pennies a treatment and can be applied using multiple ways. As of 2023, most beekeepers are using an off-the-shelf version of Oxalic Acid called wood bleach for their hives.
The EPA has pushed for more control over the market of Oxalic Acid and there are legal versions available now that should be used.
Oxalic acid can be applied using the dribble method, which involves drizzling oxalic acid and sugar syrup over the brood nest.
The most popular way to use Oxalic Acid is through an oxalic acid vaporizer that turns the acid crystals into a vapor inside the hive. Creating a mixture of glycerine and oxalic acid and soaking it in towels is becoming popular, but as of 2023 is not an approved technique.
An approved technique outside the US for using “towels” and oxalic acid is a product called Aluen-Cap , but it isn't approved in the US as of 2023. But a new product called Varroxsan is available now and incredibly popular.
The main negative of oxalic acid is that it does not treat mites under the capped brood. It will only kill mites physically on the bees, so it works best during broodless periods.
But Varroxan has a long treatment period and can control a colony of mites well, even during periods of heavy brood.
Oxalic Acid Towels, Pads and Strips
There are advancements in the application of oxalic acid across the world. Europe and South America lead the way in oxalic acid treatments, and Randy Oliver has also conducted a lot of testing of the slow-release technique of applying oxalic acid. This technique involves placing a towel, pad, or cardboard strip in the hive with a low dose of oxalic acid that exposes the bees and the mites to it over the course of a couple months.
This technique has shown a lot of promise, and there are several products on the global market for this. It's a popular DIY project for beekeepers, but using a tested product is always better than making your own. If you want to control varroa mites, it is better to use the approved product for the job instead of a homemade version. There is more to these products than the ingredients.
The two main products on the market are one called Aluen Cap and another called Varroxsan . Both are extremely similar to each other and involve inserting long cardboard strips into the hive for the bees to be exposed to. Read our posts all about these two products for more information on them.
Synthetic Varroa Mite Treatments
Synthetic mite treatments, sometimes called hard treatments, have been very helpful for beekeepers over the years. They help beekeepers deal with mites when other products are not available.
Parasitic mite syndrome (PMS) is a critical condition in honey bee colonies resulting from heavy infestations of Varroa mites. It is characterized by numerous symptoms, such as abnormal brood patterns and weakened larvae, caused by direct feeding from the mites and the transmission of harmful viruses.
If left untreated, PMS ultimately leads to colony collapse.
The use of synthetic chemicals by beekeepers is usually the easiest way to keep bees, but the labels must be followed to minimize any possible resistance or contamination of the comb.
Apivar
Apivar is by far the most popular mite treatment for beekeepers , as it is extremely effective and is easy to use. The company Veto-Pharma produces a plastic strip that has the active ingredient Amitraz in it, which is deadly to mites but doesn't harm bees when used correctly.
The easy-to-use strips are placed in the brood nest for roughly two months, where they work continuously to kill varroa mites through contact.
Apivar has no temperature requirements, so it can be used anytime honey boxes are not present and the bees are active. Apivar has multiple sizes so that it can work for backyard and commercial beekeepers.
Amiflex
Watch our video on Amiflex
Amiflex is a product that is similar to Apivar as it uses Amitraz as its active ingredient, but it is formulated to be a fast-acting, 7-day treatment which beekeepers call a flash treatment.
Amiflex was created by Veto-Pharma and started becoming available to US beekeepers in 2023. Read our post all about Amiflex for beekeepers.
Because Amiflex can work very quickly, it gives beekeepers more flexibility when treating mites, which commercial beekeepers will enjoy.
The ability to treat for mites in 7 days vs. 2 months will be well received. However, using the 2-month treatment with Apivar strips is more effective as it will treat the mites for nearly 3 full brood cycles.
Check Mite+
Checkmite is the product that many beekeepers used before Apivar was available and uses the active ingredient coumaphos. It is not recommended that beekeepers use Check Mite+ in their hives at all, as it has many more negative effects than positive effects.
It has been shown that coumaphos levels remain high in a hive for months after the treatment, and the chemical does not degrade quickly.
The accumulation of coumaphos in the wax constantly exposes the queen and the brood to the chemical long after the check mite has been removed.
Varroa mites have also become resistant to the active ingredient, and Check Mite is not as effective against mites.
Apistan
Apistan uses a different chemical called Tau Fluvalinate, which has fallen out of popularity due to mite resistance to Apistan. Because of this, it is not recommended that beekeepers use this for treating mites.
Natural Varroa Mite Treatments
These natural varroa treatments are not at the end because they don’t work; these methods are a great option for many beekeepers dealing with varroa mite infestation.
When using natural varroa mite treatments, it’s important to know how they work because they tend to work alongside the bee’s natural cycle. A beekeeper can use what the bees do naturally to help manage varroa mite infestations.
Drone Brood Removal
Many beekeepers do drone brood removal to effectively manage varroa mite infestation. The technique involves introducing a specialized green drone frame for the queen to lay drone eggs in. The frame fills with drone brood which is a favorite among varroa mites.
Just before the cells are capped, varroa mites enter the cell and are trapped in the cell with the growing drone. Before the drone cell is uncapped and the newly hatched mites exit the cell, the entire frame is frozen to kill all the mites, helping to control varroa mite infestation.
Splitting Colonies
Splitting a colony is a natural way for a colony to deal with varroa mites itself. Bees don't split their colony to reduce varroa mites, but it is a side effect of a colony naturally dividing itself. When the bees do it themselves, it is called a swarm ; when a beekeeper does it, it is called a split.
Varroa mites require a cell with a growing bee in it to reproduce and when the queen stops laying eggs for a week or two, there is a natural break in varroa preproduction as well. This is often a good time to use a mite treatment like oxalic acid vaporization , as it works well when there is little capped brood in the hive.
Adam Hickman owns Foxhound Bee Company and is a certified EAS Master Beekeeper. Before ever selling a box through Foxhound Bee Company, Adam wrote beekeeping blogs for education. Adam regularly teaches beekeeping classes through Foxhound Bee Co and also through his local beekeeping club.
